Com-Power EMI / EMC broadband and tuned antennas cover the frequency range of 9 kHz - 40 GHz for EMI/EMCTesting. They can be used for both radiated emission and immunity testing (antenna used as a transmitter to generate electromagnetic field).These antenna were intended for use in an EMI/ EMC testing laboratory to test electronic products to certify that they meet the various international EMC regulatory standards. However, they are also suitable for troubleshooting EMI problems by the product manufacturer before going to test EMC.
Below is the list of antennas available from Com-Power. Most of the antennas listed below are available from stock. Please contact Com-Power or local representative for price availibility or use request quote link above.
EMI / EMC ANTENNAS
ab-900
Biconical Antenna - Model AB-900
Frequency Range: 30 MHz-300 MHz
Polarization: Linear
Power handling: 50 Watts continuous
Impedance: Matched to 50 Ohm
Connector: BNC (f)
Weight: 7 lbs.
Size: (L x W) 28.75" x 52.75"
Log Periodic
Log Perioidic Antenna - Model AL-100
Frequency Range: 300 MHz - 1000 MHz
Continuous Power (CW): 50 Watts
Polarization: Linear
Impedance: 50 Ohms
Connector: BNC Female
Width: 22 inches (at the widest Point) Length: 37 inches
Weight: 4 lbs.
Half Wave Tuned Dipole Antenna Set- Model AD-100
ad-100
Frequency Ranges:
Balun 1 : 30 MHz - 65 MHz
Balun 2 : 65 MHz - 175 MHz
Balun 3 : 175 MHz - 400 MHz
Balun 4 : 400 MHz - 1000 MHz
Impedance: 50 Ohm
Connector Type: BNC female
Element length assembled: min: 6 inches, max: 212 inches
Weight: 8 lbs,
Carrying case included (not shown)
Combilog Antenna- Model AC-213 & AC-220
Frequency Range:
30 MHz - 2000 MHz (AC-220)
30 MHz - 1300 MHz (AC-213)
Power handling: 500 Watts
Gain: 5 dBi min. (200 MHz -2000 MHz)
Impedance: matched to 50 Ohm
Connector: Type N Female
VSWR: 2:1 ( 80 MHz - 2000 MHz)
Weight: 8 lbs.
Dimensions ((L x W x H): 38 x 50 x 25 inches
ALP-100 Log Periodic antenna
Log Periodic antenna - Model ALP-100
Frequency Range:
300 MHz - 1000 MHz
Power handling: 500 Watts
Impedance: matched to 50 Ohm
Connector: Type N Female
VSWR: 2:1
Weight: 4 lbs.
Dimensions ((L x W x H): 19 x 21 x 2.5 inches
AH-118
Double Ridged Horn Antenna- Model AH-118
Frequency Range: 1 GHz - 18 GHz
Input Power (CW): 300 Watts
VSWR: 2.0 : 1
Polorization: Linear
Impedance: 50 Ohm
Connector type: N Female
Weight: 4 lb.
Size: 7.8" X 9.5" X 5.6" max.
Double Ridged Horn Antenna- Model AH-220
Frequency Range: 200 MHz - 2000 MHz
Input: 500 Watt CW
Antenna VSWR (average): 2.5 :1
Polarization: Linear
Output Impedance: 50 Ohm
Connector types
Antenna output: N (f)
Weight: 27 lbs.
Size: 37 " X 38 " X 27 "
Active Double Ridged Horn Antenna- Model AHA-118
Frequency Range: 1 GHz - 18 GHz
Built in Preamplifier: 25 dB Gain
Antenna VSWR: 2.0 :1
Polarization: Linear
Output Impedance: 50 Ohm
Connector types
Antenna output: N (f)
Preamplifier input: N (f)
Preamplifier output: N (f)
Power input: 18 VDC, 500 mA
Weight: 7 lbs.
Size: 10.2" X 9.5" X 5.6"
AH-826
Horn Antennas 18 - 40 GHz
Model AH-826
Frequency Range: 18 GHz - 26.5 GHz
Power handling (CW): 5 Watts
VSWR: 2.0 :1
Polorization: Linear
Connector type: K type (will mate with SMA)
Impedance: 50 Ohms
Weight: 1.5 lbs.
Size (L x W x H): 8.7 x 5.7 x 12 inches max.
Model AH-640
Frequency Range: 26.5 GHz - 40 GHz
Power handling: 5 Watts CW
VSWR: 2.0 :1.0
Polarization: Linear
Connector type: K type (will mate with SMA)
Impedance: 50 Ohms
Weight: 1.5 lbs.
Size (L x W x H): 8.7 x 5.7 x 9 inches max.
Model AH-840
Frequency Range: 18 GHz - 40 GHz
Power handling: 5 Watts CW
VSWR: 2.0 :1.0
Connector type: K type female
Polarization: Linear
Impedance: 50 Ohms
Weight: 2 lbs. max. (0.9 kg)
Size (L xW xH): 8.7 x 2.7 x 7.5" inches
Active Loop Antenna- Model AL-130
Frequency range: 9 kHz - 30 MHz
Dynamic range: 110 dB at 1 MHz
Sensitivity: 10 dBµV/m at 1 MHz
Electric antenna factor: 13 dB at 1 MHz
1 dB compression point: 3 V/m
Output Impedance: 50 Ohm
Connector type: BNC
Power: 2 ea. 6V rechargable sealed lead-acid
battery cells
Weight: 4 lbs.
Loop diameter: 19 inches
Dimensions: 9" x 5" x 7" max.(Amplifier Housing)
am741
Active 41 inch Monopole antenna- Model AM-741
Frequency Range: 9 kHz - 30 MHz
Output Impedance: 50 Ohm
Connector Type: BNC (f) input and Output
Collapsible Element Length: 41 inches (fully extended)
Base Plate (counterpoise): 24 x 24 inches
Battery Type: 6 V NimH
Charger input: 6 VDC, 500 mA.
Weight:15 lb.
Monday, December 15, 2008
Sunday, December 14, 2008
Bandwidth Monitoring Tools
I did a lot of research about [tag]bandwidth[/tag] [tag]monitoring[/tag] [tag]tools[/tag] recently.
Yesterday, I wrote about ibmonitor and bandwidthd in Bandwidth Monitoring blog. Today I just would like to share another great bandwidth monitoring tools.
Note: The installation guide below running either with RHEL3/4 and FC4.
A. tcptrack is a sniffer which displays information about [tag]TCP[/tag] connections it sees on a network interface. It passively watches for connections on the network interface, keeps track of their state and displays a list of connections in a manner similar to the unix ‘top’ command. It displays source and destination addresses and [tag]ports[/tag], [tag]connection[/tag] state, idle time, and bandwidth usage.
[root@planetmy download]#wget
http://www.rhythm.cx/~steve/devel/tcptrack/release/1.1.5/source/tcptrack-1.1.5.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#tar xvfz tcptrack-1.1.5.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#cd tcptrack-1.1.5
[root@planetmy tcptrack-1.1.5]#./configure
[root@planetmy tcptrack-1.1.5]#make
[root@planetmy tcptrack-1.1.5]#make install
#(I skip this step)
[root@planetmy tcptrack-1.1.5]#cd src
[root@planetmy tcptrack-1.1.5]#./tcptrack -i eth0
[root@planetmy tcptrack-1.1.5]#./tcptrack -i eth0 port 443
[root@planetmy tcptrack-1.1.5]#
./tcptrack -i eth0 src 10.10.10.1
[root@planetmy tcptrack-1.1.5]#
./tcptrack -i eth0 dst 10.10.10.1
Result:
B. pktstat display a real-time list of active connections seen on a network interface, and how much bandwidth is being used by what. Partially decodes HTTP and FTP protocols to show what filename is being transferred. X11 application names are also shown. Entries hang around on the screen for a few seconds so you can see what just happened. Also accepts filter expressions á la tcpdump.
[root@planetmy download]#wget
http://www.adaptive-enterprises.com.au/~d/software/pktstat/pktstat-1.8.1.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#tar xvfz pktstat-1.8.1.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#cd pktstat-1.8.1
[root@planetmy pktstat-1.8.1]#./configure
[root@planetmy pktstat-1.8.1]#make
[root@planetmy pktstat-1.8.1]#make install
#(I skip this step)
[root@planetmy pktstat-1.8.1]#./pktstat
[root@planetmy pktstat-1.8.1]#./pktstat -i eth0
[root@planetmy pktstat-1.8.1]#./pktstat --help
Result:
C. bwm-ng - Bandwidth Monitor NG is a small and simple console-based live bandwidth monitor for Linux, BSD, Solaris, Mac OS X and others.
[root@planetmy download]#wget
http://www.gropp.org/bwm-ng/bwm-ng-0.5.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#tar xvfz bwm-ng-0.5.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#cd bwm-ng-0.5
[root@planetmy bwm-ng-0.5]#./configure
[root@planetmy bwm-ng-0.5]#make
[root@planetmy bwm-ng-0.5]#make install
#(I skip this step)
[root@planetmy bwm-ng-0.5]#cd src
[root@planetmy bwm-ng-0.5]#./bwm-ng -a
[root@planetmy bwm-ng-0.5]#./bwm-ng --help
D. iftop display bandwidth usage on an interface. iftop does for network usage what top(1) does for CPU usage. It listens to network traffic on a named interface and displays a table of current bandwidth usage by pairs of hosts.
[root@planetmy download]#wget
http://www.ex-parrot.com/~pdw/iftop/download/iftop-0.17.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#tar xvfz iftop-0.17.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#cd iftop-0.17
[root@planetmy iftop-0.17]#./configure
[root@planetmy iftop-0.17]#make
[root@planetmy iftop-0.17]#make install
#(I skip this step)
[root@planetmy iftop-0.17]#./iftop -B -P -i eth0
[root@planetmy iftop-0.17]#./iftop --help
E. Speedmeter monitor network traffic or speed/progress of a file transfer.
Download and install Urwid (recommended)
[root@planetmy download]#wget
http://excess.org/urwid/urwid-0.9.5.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#tar xvfz urwid-0.9.5.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#cd urwid-0.9.5
[root@planetmy urwid-0.9.5]#python setup.py install
[root@planetmy download]#wget
http://excess.org/speedometer/speedometer.py
[root@planetmy download]#
cp speedometer.py /usr/local/bin/speedometer
[root@planetmy download]#cd /usr/local/bin
[root@planetmy bin]#chown root: speedometer
[root@planetmy bin]#chmod 755 speedometer
[root@planetmy download]#cd /usr/local/bin
[root@planetmy bin]#./speedometer.py -rx eth0 -tx eth0
[root@planetmy bin]#./speedometer.py --help
F. CBM the color bandwidth meter. CBM is a small program to display the traffic currently flowing through your network devices.
you may require xmlto for cbm to work
[root@planetmy download]#wget
http://cyberelk.net/tim/data/xmlto/stable/xmlto-0.0.18.tar.bz2
[root@planetmy download]#tar xvfj xmlto-0.0.18.tar.bz2
[root@planetmy download]#cd xmlto-0.0.18
[root@planetmy xmlto-0.0.18]#./configure
[root@planetmy xmlto-0.0.18]#make
[root@planetmy xmlto-0.0.18]#make install
[root@planetmy download]#wget
http://www.isotton.com/utils/cbm/download/cbm-0.1.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#tar xvfz cbm-0.1.tar.gz
[root@planetmy download]#cd cbm-0.1
[root@planetmy cbm-0.1]#./configure
[root@planetmy cbm-0.1]#make
[root@planetmy cbm-0.1]#make install
[root@planetmy cbm-0.1]#/usr/local/bin/cbm
Enjoy and hope this is useful!
Wednesday, December 10, 2008
Wireless Optical Mesh Solution Networks
ClearMesh Networks Wednesday launched a wireless optical mesh solution designed to fill the gap between copper, RF and fiber in delivering 5mbps to 100mbps services to small and midsized businesses.
“There isn’t a cost-effective way for carriers today to extend fiber to SMBs,” said Fima Vaisman, ClearMesh’s senior vice president of marketing, explaining their monthly spend of $500 to $1,000 does not support a fiber trench where it is not already available. “What we provide is a solution that extends the fiber core without having to trench fiber.”
It also provides higher bandwidth than do copper and RF solutions, such as Wi-Fi and WiMAX, he said. “If a customer needs more bandwidth and they are looking for an SLA, we think there is a gap between those solutions provided at the entry level by WiMAX and Wi-Fi, and the high-end level by fiber. There is a gap in the middle. That is the gap we are trying to serve.”
Available immediately, the ClearMesh Metro Grid solution includes the ClearMesh 300 node, which can be mounted on a pole or rooftop, and the ClearMesh Management System, which provides tools for installation, diagnostics, service analysis and provisioning. The ClearMesh 300 node combines wireless and optical technologies with a Layer 2 mesh architecture to deliver business-grade Ethernet.
“The ClearMesh 300 Node is a switching platform,” explained Vaisman. “It has an Ethernet switch with 2-gigabit Ethernet capacity. Four of the Ethernet ports are copper and they are connected to optical transceivers.”
The optical transceivers, he said, are LED-based, which gives them a wider beam than systems using lasers, like free-space optics. “What that allows the product to do is be installed on a light pole as well as on top of a building,” said Vaisman. “A laser product cannot be installed on a light pole because the light pole has too much vibration, too much movement. The product wouldn’t stay locked on. With the product we have the light beams are locked on and stay locked on using automatic tracking whether on a light pole or building. With that you have a much broader ability to deploy a mesh in a metro area. If the device moves, the light cone still hits the other node.”
Each node has three optical transceivers, which operate on the license-free 850nm light band and reach 250 meters. Each transceiver is motorized, so it can move independently up and down, and 360 degrees around. “This allows each node to see three other nodes. Using that, we create a mesh,” said Vaisman, explaining the mesh requires one node to be fiber-feed, and several nodes can be fed from the same fiber to increase the capacity delivered into the mesh.
The ClearMesh node lists for $6,000, and less in volume. Considering installation costs, the company uses $5,000 per node in its ROI calculations. In contrast to trenching fiber, ClearMesh can cover seven buldings in a MetroGrid network for $35,000 in a matter of days while the fiber deployment over the same area will cost $180,000 and take months to install, he said. With a single customer per building and a single T1 replacement at $500 per month, the payback is 10 months, Vaisman said, adding a more realistic scenario is three customers per building paying $750 per month for a 10mbps service for an ROI of two months.
Yankee Group Analyst Tara Howard agrees that the ClearMesh solution serves “as a logical extension of a fiber network,” but she questions the market potential, discounting its appeal to Tier 1 companies that are laying fiber. “The opportunity is going to be with local LECs and municipalities,” she said, adding the fact that it does not compete with Wi-Fi or WiMAX is a plus.
“We don’t do what Wi-Fi does; we don’t offer mobility,” said Vaisman. “We don’t do what WiMAX does; we don’t offer five-mile reach. In a dense metro area, we offer high bandwidth and the ability to sign SLAs without any interference,” he said. The systems offers latency at one-tenth of 1ms, so 10 nodes equals 1ms of delay.
“There isn’t a cost-effective way for carriers today to extend fiber to SMBs,” said Fima Vaisman, ClearMesh’s senior vice president of marketing, explaining their monthly spend of $500 to $1,000 does not support a fiber trench where it is not already available. “What we provide is a solution that extends the fiber core without having to trench fiber.”
It also provides higher bandwidth than do copper and RF solutions, such as Wi-Fi and WiMAX, he said. “If a customer needs more bandwidth and they are looking for an SLA, we think there is a gap between those solutions provided at the entry level by WiMAX and Wi-Fi, and the high-end level by fiber. There is a gap in the middle. That is the gap we are trying to serve.”
Available immediately, the ClearMesh Metro Grid solution includes the ClearMesh 300 node, which can be mounted on a pole or rooftop, and the ClearMesh Management System, which provides tools for installation, diagnostics, service analysis and provisioning. The ClearMesh 300 node combines wireless and optical technologies with a Layer 2 mesh architecture to deliver business-grade Ethernet.
“The ClearMesh 300 Node is a switching platform,” explained Vaisman. “It has an Ethernet switch with 2-gigabit Ethernet capacity. Four of the Ethernet ports are copper and they are connected to optical transceivers.”
The optical transceivers, he said, are LED-based, which gives them a wider beam than systems using lasers, like free-space optics. “What that allows the product to do is be installed on a light pole as well as on top of a building,” said Vaisman. “A laser product cannot be installed on a light pole because the light pole has too much vibration, too much movement. The product wouldn’t stay locked on. With the product we have the light beams are locked on and stay locked on using automatic tracking whether on a light pole or building. With that you have a much broader ability to deploy a mesh in a metro area. If the device moves, the light cone still hits the other node.”
Each node has three optical transceivers, which operate on the license-free 850nm light band and reach 250 meters. Each transceiver is motorized, so it can move independently up and down, and 360 degrees around. “This allows each node to see three other nodes. Using that, we create a mesh,” said Vaisman, explaining the mesh requires one node to be fiber-feed, and several nodes can be fed from the same fiber to increase the capacity delivered into the mesh.
The ClearMesh node lists for $6,000, and less in volume. Considering installation costs, the company uses $5,000 per node in its ROI calculations. In contrast to trenching fiber, ClearMesh can cover seven buldings in a MetroGrid network for $35,000 in a matter of days while the fiber deployment over the same area will cost $180,000 and take months to install, he said. With a single customer per building and a single T1 replacement at $500 per month, the payback is 10 months, Vaisman said, adding a more realistic scenario is three customers per building paying $750 per month for a 10mbps service for an ROI of two months.
Yankee Group Analyst Tara Howard agrees that the ClearMesh solution serves “as a logical extension of a fiber network,” but she questions the market potential, discounting its appeal to Tier 1 companies that are laying fiber. “The opportunity is going to be with local LECs and municipalities,” she said, adding the fact that it does not compete with Wi-Fi or WiMAX is a plus.
“We don’t do what Wi-Fi does; we don’t offer mobility,” said Vaisman. “We don’t do what WiMAX does; we don’t offer five-mile reach. In a dense metro area, we offer high bandwidth and the ability to sign SLAs without any interference,” he said. The systems offers latency at one-tenth of 1ms, so 10 nodes equals 1ms of delay.
Wireless 3G DR RF Solutions
Wirelss Wide Area Network A WWAN differs from a WLAN (wireless LAN) in that it uses Mobile telecommunication cellular network technologies such as WIMAX (though it's better applicated into WMAN Networks), UMTS, GPRS, CDMA2000, GSM, CDPD, Mobitex, HSDPA or 3G to transfer data. It can use also LMDS and Wi-Fi to connect to the Internet. These cellular technologies are offered regionally, nationwide, or even globally and are provided by a wireless service provider for a monthly usage fee.[1] WWAN connectivity allows a user with a laptop and a WWAN card to surf the web, check email, or connect to a Virtual Private Network (VPN) from anywhere within the regional boundaries of cellular service. Various computers now have integrated WWAN capabilities (Such as HSDPA in Centrino). This means that the system has a cellular radio (GSM/CDMA) built in, which allows the user to send and receive data. There are two basic means that a mobile network may use to transfer data:
Packet-switched Data Networks (GPRS/CDPD)
Circuit-switched dial-up connections
Since radio communications systems do not provide a physically secure connection path, WWANs typically incorporate encryption and authentication methods to make them more secure. Unfortunately some of the early GSM encryption techniques were flawed, and security experts have issued warnings that cellular communication, including WWANs, is no longer secure.[2] UMTS(3G) encryption was developed later and has yet to be broken.
Examples of providers for WWAN include Sprint Nextel, Verizon, and AT&T.
Packet-switched Data Networks (GPRS/CDPD)
Circuit-switched dial-up connections
Since radio communications systems do not provide a physically secure connection path, WWANs typically incorporate encryption and authentication methods to make them more secure. Unfortunately some of the early GSM encryption techniques were flawed, and security experts have issued warnings that cellular communication, including WWANs, is no longer secure.[2] UMTS(3G) encryption was developed later and has yet to be broken.
Examples of providers for WWAN include Sprint Nextel, Verizon, and AT&T.
Linksys WMP300N Wireless N PCI Network Adpater
Highlights
High-speed Wireless-N (draft 802.11n) networking for your desktop computer
MIMO technology uses multiple radios to create a robust signal that travel far and reduces dead spots
Can connect to Wireless-G and -B networks
Enhanced wireless security with Wi-Fi Protected Access™ (WPA2) with up to 256-bit encryption
Overview
Enjoy high-speed networking without wires with the Linksys® WMP300N Wireless-N PCI Adapter. The Wireless-N PCI Adapter installs in most desktop and tower PCs, and lets you put your computer almost anywhere in the building without the hassle of running network cables. You don't have to drill holes in your walls and climb through the attic or cellar to get connected to the network. Using the wireless networking technology, Wireless-N (draft 802.11n), the card delivers enhanced speed of up to 270 Mbps. By overlaying the signals of two Wireless-N compatible radios, the 'Multiple In, Multiple Out' (MIMO) technology effectively increases the data rate. MIMO uses signal reflections to increase the range and reduce 'dead spots' in the wireless coverage area. The robust signal travels farther, maintaining wireless connections. To protect your data and privacy, the card uses 256-bit WEP encryption besides WPA and WPA2 security.
High-speed Wireless-N (draft 802.11n) networking for your desktop computer
MIMO technology uses multiple radios to create a robust signal that travel far and reduces dead spots
Can connect to Wireless-G and -B networks
Enhanced wireless security with Wi-Fi Protected Access™ (WPA2) with up to 256-bit encryption
Overview
Enjoy high-speed networking without wires with the Linksys® WMP300N Wireless-N PCI Adapter. The Wireless-N PCI Adapter installs in most desktop and tower PCs, and lets you put your computer almost anywhere in the building without the hassle of running network cables. You don't have to drill holes in your walls and climb through the attic or cellar to get connected to the network. Using the wireless networking technology, Wireless-N (draft 802.11n), the card delivers enhanced speed of up to 270 Mbps. By overlaying the signals of two Wireless-N compatible radios, the 'Multiple In, Multiple Out' (MIMO) technology effectively increases the data rate. MIMO uses signal reflections to increase the range and reduce 'dead spots' in the wireless coverage area. The robust signal travels farther, maintaining wireless connections. To protect your data and privacy, the card uses 256-bit WEP encryption besides WPA and WPA2 security.
Wireless Support
At this moment only the RT25USB-SRC-V2.0.7.0 driver from Ralink is succesfully ported and reported to be working with an ASUS WL-167G USB dongle on 2.6.5-it0. This tutorial gives enough information to easily use the ASUS WL-167G on your OSD, but also gives enough information for everyone who wants to port another driver.
So what do you need:
* kernel 2.6.5-it0 with wireless extensions enabled, this is due to the broken USB Host driver in 2.6.15 (instructions below)
* dongle with RT2570 chipset, see serialmonkey for a list
* the source code of the dongle driver. I've succesfully 'ported' the RT25USB-SRC-V2.0.7.0 driver from Ralink
* and some version of wireless tools to send commands to the dongle, available here
* wireless support has only been tested with the developer OSD (green PCB). If you have the yellow/orange one shipped from thinkgeek then you could be the first to get wireless working on a BETA sample!
The broken USB Host driver is expected to be fixed by the manufacturer around 9/12. Until this time you will have to downgrade your OSD to a 2.6.5 kernel... and probably has the consequence that you can't play any video/audio
So what do you need:
* kernel 2.6.5-it0 with wireless extensions enabled, this is due to the broken USB Host driver in 2.6.15 (instructions below)
* dongle with RT2570 chipset, see serialmonkey for a list
* the source code of the dongle driver. I've succesfully 'ported' the RT25USB-SRC-V2.0.7.0 driver from Ralink
* and some version of wireless tools to send commands to the dongle, available here
* wireless support has only been tested with the developer OSD (green PCB). If you have the yellow/orange one shipped from thinkgeek then you could be the first to get wireless working on a BETA sample!
The broken USB Host driver is expected to be fixed by the manufacturer around 9/12. Until this time you will have to downgrade your OSD to a 2.6.5 kernel... and probably has the consequence that you can't play any video/audio
Wireless Amplifier
In November 2006, Marin Soljačić and other researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology applied the near field behaviour well known in electromagnetic theory to a wireless power transmission concept based on strongly-coupled resonators.[12][13][14] In a theoretical analysis (see Ref: Annals of Physics), they demonstrate that, by designing electromagnetic resonators that suffer minimal loss due to radiation and absorption and have a near field with mid-range extent (namely a few times the resonator size), mid-range efficient wireless energy-transfer is possible. The reasonment is that, if two such resonant objects are brought in mid-range proximity, their near fields (consisting of so-called 'evanescent waves') couple (evanescent wave coupling) and can allow the energy to tunnel/transfer from one object to the other within times much shorter than all loss times, which were designed to be long, and thus with the maximum possible energy-transfer efficiency. Since the resonant wavelength is much larger than the resonators, the field can circumvent extraneous objects in the vicinity and thus this mid-range energy-transfer scheme does not require line-of-sight. By utilizing in particular the magnetic field to achieve the coupling, this method can be safe, since magnetic fields interact weakly with living organisms.
On June 7, 2007, it was reported that a prototype system had been implemented.[10][11] In an experimental demonstration (see Ref: Science), the MIT researchers successfully demonstrated the ability to power a 60-watt light bulb wirelessly using two copper coils of 60cm diameter that were 2m (7ft) away at roughly 45% efficiency. The coils were designed to resonate together at 10MHz and were oriented along the same axis. One was connected inductively to a power source, and the other one to a bulb. The setup powered the bulb on, even when the direct line of sight was blocked using a wooden panel.
"Resonant inductive coupling" has key implications in solving the two main problems associated with non-resonant inductive coupling and electromagnetic radiation, one of which is caused by the other; distance and efficiency. Electromagnetic induction works on the principle of a primary coil generating a predominantly magnetic field and a secondary coil being within that field so a current is induced within its coils. This causes the relatively short range due to the amount of power required to produce an electromagnetic field. Over greater distances the non-resonant induction method is inefficient and wastes much of the transmitted energy just to increase range. This is where the resonance comes in and helps efficiency dramatically by "tunneling" the magnetic field to a receiver coil that resonates at the same frequency. Unlike the multiple-layer secondary of a non-resonant transformer, such receiving coils are single layer solenoids with closely spaced capacitor plates on each end, which in combination allow the coil to be tuned to the transmitter frequency thereby eliminating the wide energy wasting "wave problem" and allowing the energy used to focus in on a specific frequency increasing the range.
Beginning in the early 1960s resonant inductive wireless energy transfer was used successfully in implantable medical devices [15] including such devices as pacemakers and artificial hearts. While the early systems used a resonant receiver coil later systems [16] implemented resonant transmitter coils as well. These medical devices are designed for high efficiency using low power electronics while efficiently accommodating some misalignment and dynamic twisting of the coils. The separation between the coils in implantable applications is commonly less than 20 cm. Today resonant inductive energy transfer is regularly used for providing electric power in many commercially available medical implantable devices.[17]
Wireless electric energy transfer for experimentally powering electric automobiles and buses is a higher power application (>10kW) of resonant inductive energy transfer. High power levels are required for rapid recharging and high energy transfer efficiency is required both for operational economy and to avoid negative environmental impact of the system. An experimental electrified roadway test track built circa 1990 achieved 80% energy efficiency while recharging the battery of a prototype bus at a specially equipped bus stop [18] [19]. The bus could be outfitted with a retractable receiving coil for greater coil clearance when moving. The gap between the transmit and receive coils was designed to be less than 10 cm when powered. In addition to buses the use of wireless transfer has been investigated for recharging electric automobiles in parking spots and garages as well.
Some of these wireless resonant inductive devices operate at low milliwatt power levels and are battery powered. Others operate at higher kilowatt power levels. Current implantable medical and road electrification device designs achieve more than 75% transfer efficiency at an operating distance between the transmit and receive coils of less than 10 cm.
On June 7, 2007, it was reported that a prototype system had been implemented.[10][11] In an experimental demonstration (see Ref: Science), the MIT researchers successfully demonstrated the ability to power a 60-watt light bulb wirelessly using two copper coils of 60cm diameter that were 2m (7ft) away at roughly 45% efficiency. The coils were designed to resonate together at 10MHz and were oriented along the same axis. One was connected inductively to a power source, and the other one to a bulb. The setup powered the bulb on, even when the direct line of sight was blocked using a wooden panel.
"Resonant inductive coupling" has key implications in solving the two main problems associated with non-resonant inductive coupling and electromagnetic radiation, one of which is caused by the other; distance and efficiency. Electromagnetic induction works on the principle of a primary coil generating a predominantly magnetic field and a secondary coil being within that field so a current is induced within its coils. This causes the relatively short range due to the amount of power required to produce an electromagnetic field. Over greater distances the non-resonant induction method is inefficient and wastes much of the transmitted energy just to increase range. This is where the resonance comes in and helps efficiency dramatically by "tunneling" the magnetic field to a receiver coil that resonates at the same frequency. Unlike the multiple-layer secondary of a non-resonant transformer, such receiving coils are single layer solenoids with closely spaced capacitor plates on each end, which in combination allow the coil to be tuned to the transmitter frequency thereby eliminating the wide energy wasting "wave problem" and allowing the energy used to focus in on a specific frequency increasing the range.
Beginning in the early 1960s resonant inductive wireless energy transfer was used successfully in implantable medical devices [15] including such devices as pacemakers and artificial hearts. While the early systems used a resonant receiver coil later systems [16] implemented resonant transmitter coils as well. These medical devices are designed for high efficiency using low power electronics while efficiently accommodating some misalignment and dynamic twisting of the coils. The separation between the coils in implantable applications is commonly less than 20 cm. Today resonant inductive energy transfer is regularly used for providing electric power in many commercially available medical implantable devices.[17]
Wireless electric energy transfer for experimentally powering electric automobiles and buses is a higher power application (>10kW) of resonant inductive energy transfer. High power levels are required for rapid recharging and high energy transfer efficiency is required both for operational economy and to avoid negative environmental impact of the system. An experimental electrified roadway test track built circa 1990 achieved 80% energy efficiency while recharging the battery of a prototype bus at a specially equipped bus stop [18] [19]. The bus could be outfitted with a retractable receiving coil for greater coil clearance when moving. The gap between the transmit and receive coils was designed to be less than 10 cm when powered. In addition to buses the use of wireless transfer has been investigated for recharging electric automobiles in parking spots and garages as well.
Some of these wireless resonant inductive devices operate at low milliwatt power levels and are battery powered. Others operate at higher kilowatt power levels. Current implantable medical and road electrification device designs achieve more than 75% transfer efficiency at an operating distance between the transmit and receive coils of less than 10 cm.
Wireless WAN Solutions
Extend your network infrastructure with long range
outdoor wireless Ethernet connections
Trango's long range fixed wireless broadband Ethernet equipment is ideal for all types of wireless wide area network (WWAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. Trango outdoor wireless networking solutions allow you to quickly, easily, and cost effectively deploy reliable, high-speed, secure wireless IP connections between multiple remote locations at distances up to 45+ miles, and enable you to eliminate your costly leased lines and avoid expensive time consuming fiber trenching.
Wireless WAN Applications
Wireless WAN applications are endless for Trango long-range wireless Ethernet bridges. For example, a business may need to link its IT infrastructure to a few outlying buildings; a university or any school may need to provide internet access to dormitories or other buildings across campus; or a hospital may need to establish a secure link to a clinic across town so that doctors may securely exchange patient information over a high-speed connection.
Whether you need to a network connection across the street, across town, or from urban to rural areas, Trango wireless WAN/LAN building-to-building outdoor networks are ideal for any private enterprise or network operator that requires high-speed connectivity between two or more remote locations. Trango long range wireless wide area network (WWAN) solutions are well suited for a wide variety of industries and applications because they deliver high-capacity bandwidth, are extremely reliable, highly secure, and can be established with minimal effort and cost.
Licensed Point-to-Point Wireless WAN Radios
* TrangoLINK Giga® is a split-architecture (ODU/IDU) full duplex RF microwave system link that is both native Ethernet and native-TDM.
* TrangoLINK® Apex is an all-outdoor full duplex RF microwave radio that is native-Ethernet for 100% IP traffic.
* ATLAS 4900™ is an all-outdoor native Ethernet OFDM 4.9 GHz wireless bridge that operates in the licensed Public Safety band.
Unlicensed Point-to-Point Wireless WAN Radios
* TrangoLINK-45™ is an all-outdoor, native Ethernet, multi-band OFDM wireless Ethernet bridge that is capable of operation in 4 different 5 GHz bands (5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.8 GHz).
* TrangoLINK-10™ is an all-outdoor, native Ethernet 5.8 GHz wireless bridge.
Unlicensed Point-to-MultiPoint Wireless WAN Radios
For delivering point-to-multipoint (PtMP) broadband access wireless WAN connectivity from a central office to many remote offices, Trango offers these robust solutions.
* Access5830™ System 5.8 GHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 10 Mbps up to 18 miles.
* Trango M2400S™ 2.4 GHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 5 Mbps up to 25 miles.
* Trango M900S™ 900 MHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 3 Mbps up to 20 miles.
outdoor wireless Ethernet connections
Trango's long range fixed wireless broadband Ethernet equipment is ideal for all types of wireless wide area network (WWAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. Trango outdoor wireless networking solutions allow you to quickly, easily, and cost effectively deploy reliable, high-speed, secure wireless IP connections between multiple remote locations at distances up to 45+ miles, and enable you to eliminate your costly leased lines and avoid expensive time consuming fiber trenching.
Wireless WAN Applications
Wireless WAN applications are endless for Trango long-range wireless Ethernet bridges. For example, a business may need to link its IT infrastructure to a few outlying buildings; a university or any school may need to provide internet access to dormitories or other buildings across campus; or a hospital may need to establish a secure link to a clinic across town so that doctors may securely exchange patient information over a high-speed connection.
Whether you need to a network connection across the street, across town, or from urban to rural areas, Trango wireless WAN/LAN building-to-building outdoor networks are ideal for any private enterprise or network operator that requires high-speed connectivity between two or more remote locations. Trango long range wireless wide area network (WWAN) solutions are well suited for a wide variety of industries and applications because they deliver high-capacity bandwidth, are extremely reliable, highly secure, and can be established with minimal effort and cost.
Licensed Point-to-Point Wireless WAN Radios
* TrangoLINK Giga® is a split-architecture (ODU/IDU) full duplex RF microwave system link that is both native Ethernet and native-TDM.
* TrangoLINK® Apex is an all-outdoor full duplex RF microwave radio that is native-Ethernet for 100% IP traffic.
* ATLAS 4900™ is an all-outdoor native Ethernet OFDM 4.9 GHz wireless bridge that operates in the licensed Public Safety band.
Unlicensed Point-to-Point Wireless WAN Radios
* TrangoLINK-45™ is an all-outdoor, native Ethernet, multi-band OFDM wireless Ethernet bridge that is capable of operation in 4 different 5 GHz bands (5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.8 GHz).
* TrangoLINK-10™ is an all-outdoor, native Ethernet 5.8 GHz wireless bridge.
Unlicensed Point-to-MultiPoint Wireless WAN Radios
For delivering point-to-multipoint (PtMP) broadband access wireless WAN connectivity from a central office to many remote offices, Trango offers these robust solutions.
* Access5830™ System 5.8 GHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 10 Mbps up to 18 miles.
* Trango M2400S™ 2.4 GHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 5 Mbps up to 25 miles.
* Trango M900S™ 900 MHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 3 Mbps up to 20 miles.
Wireless rf wlan solutions
* TrangoLINK Giga® is a split-architecture (ODU/IDU) full duplex RF microwave system link that is both native Ethernet and native-TDM.
* TrangoLINK® Apex is an all-outdoor full duplex RF microwave radio that is native-Ethernet for 100% IP traffic.
* ATLAS 4900™ is an all-outdoor native Ethernet OFDM 4.9 GHz wireless bridge that operates in the licensed Public Safety band.
Unlicensed Point-to-Point Wireless WAN Radios
* TrangoLINK-45™ is an all-outdoor, native Ethernet, multi-band OFDM wireless Ethernet bridge that is capable of operation in 4 different 5 GHz bands (5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.8 GHz).
* TrangoLINK-10™ is an all-outdoor, native Ethernet 5.8 GHz wireless bridge.
Unlicensed Point-to-MultiPoint Wireless WAN Radios
For delivering point-to-multipoint (PtMP) broadband access wireless WAN connectivity from a central office to many remote offices, Trango offers these robust solutions.
* Access5830™ System 5.8 GHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 10 Mbps up to 18 miles.
* Trango M2400S™ 2.4 GHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 5 Mbps up to 25 miles.
* Trango M900S™ 900 MHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 3 Mbps up to 20 miles.
* TrangoLINK® Apex is an all-outdoor full duplex RF microwave radio that is native-Ethernet for 100% IP traffic.
* ATLAS 4900™ is an all-outdoor native Ethernet OFDM 4.9 GHz wireless bridge that operates in the licensed Public Safety band.
Unlicensed Point-to-Point Wireless WAN Radios
* TrangoLINK-45™ is an all-outdoor, native Ethernet, multi-band OFDM wireless Ethernet bridge that is capable of operation in 4 different 5 GHz bands (5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.8 GHz).
* TrangoLINK-10™ is an all-outdoor, native Ethernet 5.8 GHz wireless bridge.
Unlicensed Point-to-MultiPoint Wireless WAN Radios
For delivering point-to-multipoint (PtMP) broadband access wireless WAN connectivity from a central office to many remote offices, Trango offers these robust solutions.
* Access5830™ System 5.8 GHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 10 Mbps up to 18 miles.
* Trango M2400S™ 2.4 GHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 5 Mbps up to 25 miles.
* Trango M900S™ 900 MHz broadband wireless access system delivers up to 3 Mbps up to 20 miles.
Wireless Lan
One issue with corporate wireless networks in general, and WLANs in particular, involves the need for security. Many early access points could not discern whether or not a particular user had authorization to access the network. Although this problem reflects issues that have long troubled many types of wired networks (it has been possible in the past for individuals to plug computers into randomly available Ethernet jacks and get access to a local network), this did not usually pose a significant problem, since many organizations had reasonably good physical security. However, the fact that radio signals bleed outside of buildings and across property lines makes physical security largely irrelevant to Piggybackers. Such corporate issues are covered in wireless security.
Anyone within the geographical network range of an open, unencrypted wireless network can 'sniff' the traffic, gain unauthorized access to internal network resources as well as to the internet, and then possibly sending spam or doing other illegal actions using the wireless network's IP address, all of which are rare for home routers but may be significant concerns for office networks.
If router security is not activated or if the owner deactivates it for convenience, it creates a free hotspot. Since most 21st century laptop PCs have wireless networking built in (cf. Intel 'Centrino' technology), they don't need a third-party adapter such as a PCMCIA Card or USB dongle. Built in wireless networking might be enabled by default, without the owner realizing it, thus broadcasting the laptop's accessibility to any computer nearby.
Modern operating systems such as Linux, Mac OS, or Microsoft Windows make it fairly easy to set up a PC as a wireless LAN 'base station' using Internet Connection Sharing, thus allowing all the PCs in the home to access the Internet via the 'base' PC. However, lack of knowledge about the security issues in setting up such systems often means that someone nearby may also use the connection. Such "piggybacking" is usually achieved without the wireless network operators knowledge; it may even be without the knowledge of the intruding user if their computer automatically selects a nearby unsecured wireless network to use as an access point.
Anyone within the geographical network range of an open, unencrypted wireless network can 'sniff' the traffic, gain unauthorized access to internal network resources as well as to the internet, and then possibly sending spam or doing other illegal actions using the wireless network's IP address, all of which are rare for home routers but may be significant concerns for office networks.
If router security is not activated or if the owner deactivates it for convenience, it creates a free hotspot. Since most 21st century laptop PCs have wireless networking built in (cf. Intel 'Centrino' technology), they don't need a third-party adapter such as a PCMCIA Card or USB dongle. Built in wireless networking might be enabled by default, without the owner realizing it, thus broadcasting the laptop's accessibility to any computer nearby.
Modern operating systems such as Linux, Mac OS, or Microsoft Windows make it fairly easy to set up a PC as a wireless LAN 'base station' using Internet Connection Sharing, thus allowing all the PCs in the home to access the Internet via the 'base' PC. However, lack of knowledge about the security issues in setting up such systems often means that someone nearby may also use the connection. Such "piggybacking" is usually achieved without the wireless network operators knowledge; it may even be without the knowledge of the intruding user if their computer automatically selects a nearby unsecured wireless network to use as an access point.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
